Caught in The Crossfire: Pakistan Cyber Security Dilemma in the India – China Cyberwar (Post Galwan Valley Clash)

Abstract

This study analyzes Pakistan cybersecurity dilemma in the context of escalating India – China cyberwar following the Galwan Valley Clash in June 2020. This study also explores how Pakistan balances its complex geopolitical position between two cyber giants by using classical realism as the theoretical framework, particularly emphasize on the work of Hans Morgenthau and Keneth Waltz. This study uses a qualitative methodology that includes document analysis and case study analysis, focusing on cyber incidents that occurred from February 2020 to May 2025. The findings of the study indicate that Pakistan faces significance challenges due to its geographical location, technological dependencies and limited cybersecurity capabilities. The research shows how Pakistan cybersecurity posture reflects broader realist assumptions of strategic hedging and power balancing. Key findings include Pakistan vulnerability to collateral damage from India – China cyber activities, Pakistan strategic reliance on Chinese cybersecurity technologies, and the security dilemma created by its dual relationship with both regional powers. The conclusion of this study is that other middle powers who deal with the same challenges can learn a lot from Pakistan experience as it provides a valuable insight. This research provides solutions based on realist principles includes indigenous capacity building, strategic diversification of cybersecurity partnerships, and the development of a defensive cyber doctrine. This approach helps to understand how technological interdependence creates new vulnerabilities while traditional security issues still exist in the digital age.