Influence of Social Media in Promoting Radicalization, Extremism and Terrorism in Pakistan: Case Study of PTI and BYC

Abstract

Social media can be subsumed in the pandemic metaphor that encompasses the proliferating environment for radicalization, extremism, and terrorism like parasites. The research problem examined in this study pertains to the ambiguous causal influence of social media in promoting extremist behaviors within particular social and political contexts, especially in Pakistan. Several studies have reported social media as a platform for the above-listed activities; however, a causative link between social media and the facilitation of indecent activities remains to be established. This study reports several factors that are facilitating digital spaces for terrorism, extremism, and radicalization by working on an investigative approach. It employs a mixed-methods approach, which combines both qualitative interviews with social media users and experts, as well as quantitative analysis of social media content and engagement metrics. Moreover, this paper examines case studies of PTI and BYC and the tactics they employ to achieve their desired results. Through a systematic review that incorporates both qualitative interviews and quantitative data analysis, the study examines the patterns of social media engagement, the correlation between social media and real-world practices of radicalization, and, foremost, the role of algorithmic magnification. The finding indicates that digital environment aids radicalization with diverse patterns observed across individuals depending on their locations and socio-political backgrounds. Namely, the behavior patterns of different individuals and groups, as well as their engagement with extremist content and the algorithmic propagation of such content, vary, manipulating the trajectory of radicalization in inimitable ways. This highlights the multifaceted nature of the digital front and its impact on extremist behaviors while necessitating tailored interventions and stringent policy response. The results underscore past studies that have been lacking and relate social media to a theatre of propaganda, as this carries a cofactor of digital radicalization, extremism, and terrorism, which has implications for societal stability. It also highlights the imperative for tailored policy actions to combat digital radicalization. The paper recommends that authorities prioritize algorithm accountability, regulate political digital campaigns, and invest in counter-narrative initiatives to maintain societal stability and prevent the misuse of internet platforms.