Exploring Sustainability in Pakistan: A Data-Driven Analysis of Economic, Social, and Environmental Performance (2014-2024)

Abstract

This paper analyzes sustainable development in Pakistan by examining economic, social, and environmental capital assets from 2014 to 2024. It explores past progress, status, and future challenges in sustainability. Since adopting the National Conservation Strategy Post-Agenda 21 (1992), Pakistan has implemented reforms aligned with global sustainability goals. Despite these efforts, economic growth challenges, weak policy implementation, low human capital investment, and unsustainable industrial practices hinder long-term progress. Utilizing the frameworks of the Brundtland Commission Report (1987) and Pearce and Warford (1993), this study constructs a Sustainability Development Index (SDI) through Factor Analysis and applies Newey–West regression for statistical robustness. GDP growth and literacy significantly enhance sustainability, while trade imbalances and deforestation negatively impact it. CO? emissions have a positive but complex association, reflecting current industrial growth within Pakistan’s sustainability context, though this poses long-term environmental risk. The study highlights the crucial role of efficient governance, integrated policies, and adaptive regulations. This study concludes that Pakistan’s path to sustainability hinges not merely on economic growth but requires a governance-led, integrated policy approach simultaneously strengthening human capital, correcting trade imbalances, and enforcing environmental conservation.